Ultrasound-based differential diagnosis of fetal abdominal wall defects in early pregnancy

M.O. Poenaru, D.M. Bogheanu, R.M. Sima, L. Pleș

Rezumat: Fetal abdominal wall defects (AWDs) refer to a variety of congenital anomalies characterized by the incomplete closure or disruption of the abdominal wall in the early stages of embryonic development. Based on the 2011 European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) report, the general prevalence of fetal abdominal wall defects is documented to be six cases per 10,000 births. AWDs pose significant challenges for prenatal diagnosis and management. Ultrasound has emerged as an indispensable tool in diagnosing and characterizing various abdominal wall defects early in pregnancy, enabling precise prenatal counseling and appropriate antenatal management strategies. This article provides a general review of the specialized literature regarding various types of abdominal wall defects, such as omphalocele, gastroschisis, pentalogy of Cantrell, bladder exstrophy, and limb body wall complex, highlighting the significant sonographic features observed during ultrasound examination. Additionally, differential diagnoses are explored, emphasizing the importance of accurately distinguishing between these conditions to ensure optimal management strategies. This article aims to enhance the understanding and familiarity of ultrasound practitioners and obstetricians with the spectrum of fetal abdominal wall defects and their prenatal sonographic appearance, thus facilitating improved prenatal care and patients’ counseling.
Cuvinte cheie: ultrasound, prenatal diagnosis, abdominal wall defects, fetal anomalies, antenatal management.